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Although there is no single definition of anarchist arts, or single conceptualisation of the relationship between anarchism and the arts, anarchism has long had an association with the arts, particularly with visual art, music and literature.〔Donald Drew Egbert, ''Social Radicalism and the Arts'' (New York: Alfred J. Knopf, 1970) p.714f〕 This can be dated back to the start of anarchism as a named political concept, and the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon on the French realist painter Gustave Courbet. In an essay on Courbet of 1857 Proudhon had set out a principle for art, which he saw in the work of Courbet, that it should show the real lives of the working classes and the injustices working people face at the hands of the bourgeoisie.〔Joshua Charles Taylor, ''Nineteenth-century Theories of Art'' (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1987) p.384f〕 However very quickly this was refuted by the French novelist Emile Zola who objected to Proudhon advocating freedom for all in the name of anarchism, but then placing stipulations on artists as to what they should depict in their works.〔Michael Paraskos, ''Four Essays on Art and Anarchism'' (Mitcham: Orage Press, 2015) p.26f〕 This opened up a division in thinking on anarchist art which is still apparent today, with some anarchist writers and artists advocating a view that art should be propagandistic and used to further the anarchist cause, and others that anarchism should free the artist from the requirements to serve a patron and master and be free to pursue their own interests and agendas. In recent years the first of these approaches has been argued by writers such as Patricia Leighten〔 Patricia Leighten, ’Réveil anarchiste: Salon Painting, Political Satire, Modernist Art’, in Josh MacPhee and Erik Reuland (eds.), ''Realizing the Impossible: Art Against Authority'' (Oakland: AK Press, 2007) p.39〕 and the second by Michael Paraskos.〔Michael Paraskos, ''Four Essays on Art and Anarchism'' (Mitcham: Orage Press, 2015) p.26f〕 Significant writers on the relationship between art and anarchism include: * Pierre-Joseph Proudhon * Peter Kropotkin * Herbert Read * Alex Comfort * George Woodcock * David Goodway * Allan Antliff * Cindy Milstein Despite this history of a close relationship between art and anarchism some anarchist, writers, such as Peter Kropotkin and Herbert Read have argued that in an anarchist society the role of the artist would disappear completely as all human activity would become in itself artistic. This is a view of art in society that sees creativity as intrinsic to all human activity, whereas the effect of bourgeois capitalism has been to strip human life of its creative aspects through industrial standardisation, the atomisation of production processes and the professionalisation of art through the education system.〔John Farquhar McLay, ''Anarchism and Art'' (Glasgow: Autonomy Press, 1982) p.10〕 However, for some writers on art and anarchism artists would not disappear as they would continue to provide an anarchist society with a space in which to continue to imagine new ways of understanding and organising reality, as well as a space in which to face possible fears〔Michael Paraskos, ''Four Essays on Art and Anarchism'' (Mitcham: Orage Press, 2015)〕 similar to Noël Carroll's theory of the function of horror stories and films in current society, 'Art-horror is the price we are willing to pay for the revelation of that which is impossible and unknown, of that which violates our conceptual schema.’〔 Noel Carroll, ''The Philosophy of Horror or Paradoxes of the Heart'' (New York: Routledge, 1990) p.186〕 == Historical notes == According to David Goodway: Anarchism had a significant influence on French Symbolism of the late 19th century, such as that of Stéphane Mallarmé, who was quoted as saying "''Je ne sais pas d'autre bombe, qu'un livre.''" (I know of no bomb other than a book.) Its ideas infiltrated the cafes and cabarets of turn-of-the-century Paris (see the Drunken Boat #2). Oscar Wilde’s 1891 essay "The Soul of Man under Socialism" has been seen as advocating anarchism. Oscar Wilde "stated in an interview that he believed he was ‘something of an Anarchist’, but previously said, ‘In the past I was a poet and a tyrant. Now I am an anarchist and artist.’"〔David Goodway (2006) ''Anarchist Seeds beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward''. Liverpool University Press. 2006 Pg. 11〕 Many American artists of the early 20th century came under the influence of anarchist ideas, while others embraced anarchism as an ideology. The Ashcan School of American realism included anarchist artists, as well as artists such as Rockwell Kent (1882–1971) and George Bellows (1882-1925) who were influenced by anarchist ideas. Abstract expressionism also included anarchist artists such as Mark Rothko and painters such as Jackson Pollock, who had adopted radical ideas during his experience as a muralist for the Works Progress Administration. Pollock's father had also been a Wobbly. David Weir has argued in ''Anarchy and Culture'' that anarchism only had some success in the sphere of cultural avant-gardism because of its failure as a political movement; cognizant of anarchism's claims to overcome the barrier between art and political activism, he nevertheless suggests that this is not achieved in reality. Weir suggests that for the "ideologue" it might be possible to adapt "aesthetics to politics", but that "from the perspective of the poet" a solution might be to "adapt the politics to the aesthetics". He identifies this latter strategy with anarchism, on account of its individualism. Weir has also suggested that "the contemporary critical strategy of aestheticizing politics" among Marxists such as Fredric Jameson results from the demise of Marxism as a state ideology. "The situation whereby ideology attempts to operate outside of politics has already pointed Marxism toward postmodernist culture, just as anarchism moved into the culture of modernism when it ceased to have political validity".〔 〕 Late 20th century examples of anarchism and the arts include the collage works by James Koehnline, Johan Humyn Being, and others whose work was being published in anarchist magazines such as ''Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed'' and ''Fifth Estate''. The Living Theatre, a theatrical troupe headed by Judith Malina and Julian Beck, were outspoken about their anarchism, often incorporating anarchistic themes into their performances. In the 1990s, anarchists became involved in the mail art movement – "art which uses the postal service in some way". This relates to the involvement of many anarchists in the zine movement. Some contemporary anarchists make art in the form of flyposters, stencils, and radical puppets. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anarchism and the arts」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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